250 cities · 50 states

ESA Letters by City

The five largest cities in every state, each with its own page: local rent and renter data, the fair housing office that serves it, any city ordinance that adds protection, and how each state's rules apply after HUD's May 2026 change.

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250City guides

Five largest cities in every state

50States covered

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5States with a waiting period

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Largest Cities

New York City, NY8.6M residents Los Angeles, CA3.9M residents Chicago, IL2.7M residents Houston, TX2.4M residents Phoenix, AZ1.7M residents Philadelphia, PA1.6M residents San Antonio, TX1.5M residents San Diego, CA1.4M residents Dallas, TX1.3M residents Fort Worth, TX1M residents Jacksonville, FL1M residents Austin, TX1M residents

Find Your City

Cities are the five most populous incorporated places in each state (Census July 2025 estimates; Hawaii uses census-designated places because it has no incorporated cities). Renter share and median rent: ACS 2020–2024.

Alabama Limited state backup

Complaints: No state fair housing agency — complaints go to HUD Region IV in Atlanta

Huntsville234K residents · 41.7% rent · $1,171 Mobile201K residents · 46% rent · $1,068 Birmingham196K residents · 54.5% rent · $1,107 Montgomery195K residents · 45.6% rent · $1,089 Tuscaloosa114K residents · 57.1% rent · $1,055

Alaska Moderate state backup

Complaints: Alaska State Commission for Human Rights

Anchorage287K residents · 36.1% rent · $1,489 Juneau32K residents · 36.4% rent · $1,444 Fairbanks31K residents · 60.2% rent · $1,496 Wasilla11K residents · 51.8% rent · $1,153 Sitka8,319 residents · 38.3% rent · $1,341

Arizona Moderate state backup

Complaints: Arizona Attorney General, Civil Rights Division

Phoenix1.7M residents · 42.7% rent · $1,582 Tucson548K residents · 48.2% rent · $1,145 Mesa514K residents · 35.6% rent · $1,620 Gilbert287K residents · 26.9% rent · $2,110 Chandler279K residents · 35% rent · $1,902

Arkansas Moderate state backup 30-day rule

Complaints: Arkansas Fair Housing Commission

Little Rock206K residents · 46.5% rent · $1,106 Fayetteville107K residents · 58.2% rent · $1,065 Fort Smith91K residents · 46.6% rent · $884 Springdale91K residents · 46.6% rent · $1,071 Jonesboro83K residents · 45.7% rent · $956

California Strong state backup 30-day rule

Complaints: California Civil Rights Department (CRD)

Los Angeles3.9M residents · 64% rent · $1,933 San Diego1.4M residents · 52.7% rent · $2,313 San Jose990K residents · 44.2% rent · $2,669 San Francisco826K residents · 61.8% rent · $2,476 Fresno556K residents · 49.9% rent · $1,421

Colorado Strong state backup

Complaints: Colorado Civil Rights Division

Denver741K residents · 51.2% rent · $1,831 Colorado Springs495K residents · 39.1% rent · $1,648 Aurora410K residents · 37.6% rent · $1,835 Fort Collins172K residents · 48.4% rent · $1,690 Lakewood157K residents · 41.9% rent · $1,806

Connecticut Moderate state backup

Complaints: Connecticut Commission on Human Rights and Opportunities (CHRO)

Bridgeport152K residents · 57.2% rent · $1,450 Stamford140K residents · 51.2% rent · $2,276 New Haven139K residents · 71.6% rent · $1,488 Hartford122K residents · 74.3% rent · $1,269 Waterbury116K residents · 52.8% rent · $1,225

Delaware Moderate state backup

Complaints: Delaware Division of Human Relations

Wilmington74K residents · 52% rent · $1,224 Dover41K residents · 53.1% rent · $1,344 Newark30K residents · 49.3% rent · $1,654 Middletown26K residents · 23.2% rent · $1,583 Milford15K residents · 48.7% rent · $1,260

Florida Strong state backup

Complaints: Florida Commission on Human Relations

Jacksonville1M residents · 42.4% rent · $1,465 Miami490K residents · 69.2% rent · $1,758 Tampa414K residents · 49.7% rent · $1,701 Orlando334K residents · 60.5% rent · $1,747 St. Petersburg264K residents · 37.2% rent · $1,663

Georgia Moderate state backup

Complaints: Georgia Commission on Equal Opportunity

Atlanta529K residents · 53.6% rent · $1,711 Columbus202K residents · 49.2% rent · $1,106 Augusta202K residents · 49.2% rent · $1,142 Macon158K residents · 48.6% rent · $1,066 Savannah149K residents · 54.6% rent · $1,382

Hawaii Strong state backup

Complaints: Hawaii Civil Rights Commission

Honolulu342K residents · 51.1% rent · $1,823 East Honolulu51K residents · 15.5% rent · $3,313 Pearl City45K residents · 28.5% rent · $2,316 Hilo44K residents · 33.9% rent · $1,427 Waipahu43K residents · 40.3% rent · $1,658

Idaho Moderate state backup

Complaints: Idaho Human Rights Commission

Boise238K residents · 36.8% rent · $1,446 Meridian143K residents · 25.4% rent · $1,805 Nampa120K residents · 29.8% rent · $1,420 Caldwell77K residents · 27% rent · $1,264 Idaho Falls72K residents · 35.8% rent · $1,075

Illinois Strong state backup

Complaints: Illinois Department of Human Rights

Chicago2.7M residents · 54% rent · $1,440 Aurora182K residents · 33.6% rent · $1,596 Naperville153K residents · 25.2% rent · $1,885 Joliet152K residents · 26.3% rent · $1,276 Rockford147K residents · 45.1% rent · $985

Indiana Moderate state backup

Complaints: Indiana Civil Rights Commission

Indianapolis901K residents · 44% rent · $1,156 Fort Wayne275K residents · 38.1% rent · $999 Evansville116K residents · 45.4% rent · $975 Carmel106K residents · 25.7% rent · $1,712 Fishers105K residents · 23.8% rent · $1,611

Iowa Moderate state backup 30-day rule

Complaints: Iowa Civil Rights Commission

Des Moines212K residents · 39.5% rent · $1,090 Cedar Rapids138K residents · 31.5% rent · $967 Davenport100K residents · 37.1% rent · $978 Sioux City86K residents · 34.7% rent · $976 Ankeny78K residents · 28.7% rent · $1,319

Kansas Moderate state backup

Complaints: Kansas Human Rights Commission

Wichita401K residents · 41.1% rent · $975 Overland Park204K residents · 39.5% rent · $1,515 Kansas City158K residents · 39.1% rent · $1,123 Olathe150K residents · 25.2% rent · $1,314 Topeka126K residents · 41% rent · $979

Kentucky Moderate state backup

Complaints: Kentucky Commission on Human Rights

Louisville642K residents · 39.3% rent · $1,120 Lexington330K residents · 46.2% rent · $1,164 Bowling Green79K residents · 63.4% rent · $998 Owensboro61K residents · 42.6% rent · $905 Covington42K residents · 48.2% rent · $1,006

Louisiana Moderate state backup 30-day rule

Complaints: Louisiana Attorney General / Louisiana Commission on Human Rights

New Orleans362K residents · 48.8% rent · $1,251 Baton Rouge223K residents · 52.2% rent · $1,067 Shreveport176K residents · 46.7% rent · $987 Lafayette123K residents · 46.9% rent · $1,100 Lake Charles83K residents · 39.1% rent · $1,109

Maine Strong state backup

Complaints: Maine Human Rights Commission

Portland70K residents · 53.1% rent · $1,577 Lewiston39K residents · 48.8% rent · $986 Bangor33K residents · 52.8% rent · $1,055 South Portland27K residents · 41.9% rent · $1,812 Auburn25K residents · 40.9% rent · $1,041

Maryland Moderate state backup

Complaints: Maryland Commission on Civil Rights

Baltimore570K residents · 52.5% rent · $1,331 Frederick92K residents · 41.2% rent · $1,764 Gaithersburg71K residents · 49.2% rent · $2,058 Rockville68K residents · 47.4% rent · $2,274 Bowie58K residents · 16.1% rent · $2,330

Massachusetts Strong state backup

Complaints: Massachusetts Commission Against Discrimination (MCAD)

Boston673K residents · 64.3% rent · $2,147 Worcester214K residents · 57.2% rent · $1,487 Springfield155K residents · 50.4% rent · $1,144 Cambridge123K residents · 66.5% rent · $2,787 Lowell120K residents · 56.8% rent · $1,625

Michigan Moderate state backup

Complaints: Michigan Department of Civil Rights

Detroit649K residents · 49.7% rent · $1,074 Grand Rapids201K residents · 46% rent · $1,266 Warren137K residents · 28.9% rent · $1,225 Sterling Heights134K residents · 24.2% rent · $1,292 Ann Arbor122K residents · 54.5% rent · $1,649

Minnesota Moderate state backup

Complaints: Minnesota Department of Human Rights

Minneapolis430K residents · 52.3% rent · $1,371 St. Paul307K residents · 47.1% rent · $1,281 Rochester124K residents · 34.9% rent · $1,399 Bloomington89K residents · 34.3% rent · $1,561 Duluth88K residents · 40.6% rent · $1,087

Mississippi Limited state backup

Complaints: No state fair housing agency — complaints go to HUD Region IV

Jackson141K residents · 51.4% rent · $1,055 Gulfport77K residents · 44.9% rent · $1,086 Southaven58K residents · 27.5% rent · $1,445 Hattiesburg49K residents · 62.8% rent · $1,005 Biloxi49K residents · 49.9% rent · $1,089

Missouri Moderate state backup

Complaints: Missouri Commission on Human Rights

Kansas City521K residents · 44.6% rent · $1,238 St. Louis278K residents · 54.7% rent · $997 Springfield170K residents · 56.1% rent · $964 Columbia131K residents · 51.3% rent · $1,097 Independence122K residents · 39.1% rent · $1,109

Montana Moderate state backup 30-day rule

Complaints: Montana Human Rights Bureau

Billings121K residents · 35.2% rent · $1,138 Missoula79K residents · 53% rent · $1,189 Great Falls60K residents · 33.9% rent · $900 Bozeman59K residents · 55.3% rent · $1,717 Butte35K residents · 29.3% rent · $856

Nebraska Moderate state backup

Complaints: Nebraska Equal Opportunity Commission

Omaha489K residents · 42.6% rent · $1,187 Lincoln302K residents · 43.9% rent · $1,086 Bellevue65K residents · 34.5% rent · $1,226 Grand Island54K residents · 42.2% rent · $947 Kearney35K residents · 39.4% rent · $949

Nevada Strong state backup

Complaints: Nevada Equal Rights Commission

Las Vegas680K residents · 43.4% rent · $1,563 Henderson353K residents · 33.9% rent · $1,824 North Las Vegas297K residents · 36.4% rent · $1,705 Reno284K residents · 50.2% rent · $1,556 Sparks112K residents · 40.2% rent · $1,716

New Hampshire Moderate state backup

Complaints: New Hampshire Commission for Human Rights

Manchester117K residents · 51.3% rent · $1,564 Nashua92K residents · 44.2% rent · $1,737 Concord45K residents · 43.2% rent · $1,441 Dover35K residents · 47.3% rent · $1,607 Derry34K residents · 29.8% rent · $1,547

New Jersey Strong state backup

Complaints: New Jersey Division on Civil Rights

Newark324K residents · 75.6% rent · $1,392 Jersey City302K residents · 72.1% rent · $2,007 Paterson162K residents · 73.1% rent · $1,548 Lakewood144K residents · 48.5% rent · $1,774 Elizabeth142K residents · 74.4% rent · $1,523

New Mexico Moderate state backup

Complaints: New Mexico Human Rights Bureau

Albuquerque557K residents · 38.2% rent · $1,145 Las Cruces117K residents · 44.1% rent · $974 Rio Rancho114K residents · 17.8% rent · $1,514 Santa Fe90K residents · 36.4% rent · $1,463 Roswell47K residents · 31.4% rent · $876

New York Strong state backup

Complaints: New York State Division of Human Rights; NYC Commission on Human Rights

New York City8.6M residents · 67.2% rent · $1,821 Buffalo275K residents · 57% rent · $1,046 Yonkers213K residents · 53.8% rent · $1,784 Rochester206K residents · 61.9% rent · $1,081 Syracuse145K residents · 58.4% rent · $1,039

North Carolina Moderate state backup

Complaints: North Carolina Human Relations Commission

Charlotte965K residents · 49% rent · $1,612 Raleigh506K residents · 49.3% rent · $1,572 Greensboro309K residents · 49.5% rent · $1,172 Durham306K residents · 47.7% rent · $1,508 Winston-Salem257K residents · 44.4% rent · $1,087

North Dakota Moderate state backup

Complaints: North Dakota Department of Labor and Human Rights

Fargo136K residents · 56.3% rent · $946 Bismarck78K residents · 34.5% rent · $999 Grand Forks60K residents · 53.6% rent · $980 Minot47K residents · 43.3% rent · $973 West Fargo41K residents · 35.6% rent · $1,111

Ohio Moderate state backup

Complaints: Ohio Civil Rights Commission

Columbus938K residents · 55.9% rent · $1,295 Cleveland364K residents · 58.3% rent · $945 Cincinnati314K residents · 60.2% rent · $1,001 Toledo263K residents · 46.7% rent · $901 Akron190K residents · 49.3% rent · $955

Oklahoma Moderate state backup

Complaints: Oklahoma Attorney General’s Office of Civil Rights Enforcement

Oklahoma City720K residents · 41.4% rent · $1,130 Tulsa416K residents · 48.1% rent · $1,052 Norman131K residents · 46.7% rent · $1,090 Broken Arrow125K residents · 28% rent · $1,320 Edmond100K residents · 29.7% rent · $1,344

Oregon Strong state backup

Complaints: Oregon Bureau of Labor and Industries (BOLI), Civil Rights Division

Portland635K residents · 48% rent · $1,655 Salem182K residents · 44.1% rent · $1,400 Eugene179K residents · 52.1% rent · $1,402 Gresham112K residents · 44.2% rent · $1,586 Hillsboro111K residents · 49.8% rent · $1,978

Pennsylvania Strong state backup

Complaints: Pennsylvania Human Relations Commission

Philadelphia1.6M residents · 48.2% rent · $1,397 Pittsburgh308K residents · 52.3% rent · $1,261 Allentown126K residents · 56.8% rent · $1,317 Reading96K residents · 59.4% rent · $1,067 Erie92K residents · 45.9% rent · $870

Rhode Island Moderate state backup

Complaints: Rhode Island Commission for Human Rights

Providence195K residents · 58.6% rent · $1,408 Cranston85K residents · 32.4% rent · $1,375 Warwick84K residents · 26.7% rent · $1,363 Pawtucket77K residents · 49.9% rent · $1,208 East Providence48K residents · 40.1% rent · $1,288

South Carolina Moderate state backup

Complaints: South Carolina Human Affairs Commission

Charleston159K residents · 44.4% rent · $1,722 Columbia147K residents · 54.5% rent · $1,204 North Charleston129K residents · 50.2% rent · $1,430 Mount Pleasant95K residents · 26.4% rent · $2,159 Rock Hill76K residents · 45.8% rent · $1,341

South Dakota Moderate state backup

Complaints: South Dakota Division of Human Rights

Sioux Falls214K residents · 40.5% rent · $1,035 Rapid City81K residents · 37.1% rent · $1,109 Aberdeen28K residents · 38.3% rent · $762 Brookings25K residents · 52.3% rent · $889 Watertown24K residents · 34.7% rent · $942

Tennessee Moderate state backup

Complaints: Tennessee Human Rights Commission

Nashville721K residents · 47.6% rent · $1,586 Memphis610K residents · 55.1% rent · $1,181 Knoxville202K residents · 53.4% rent · $1,191 Chattanooga194K residents · 47.6% rent · $1,256 Clarksville189K residents · 44.4% rent · $1,307

Texas Moderate state backup

Complaints: Texas Workforce Commission, Civil Rights Division

Houston2.4M residents · 57.9% rent · $1,361 San Antonio1.5M residents · 47.8% rent · $1,324 Dallas1.3M residents · 57.6% rent · $1,472 Fort Worth1M residents · 43% rent · $1,509 Austin1M residents · 56.6% rent · $1,729

Utah Moderate state backup

Complaints: Utah Antidiscrimination and Labor Division (UALD)

Salt Lake City218K residents · 54.2% rent · $1,414 West Valley City137K residents · 27.9% rent · $1,504 West Jordan117K residents · 22.8% rent · $1,757 Provo115K residents · 60.6% rent · $1,193 St. George109K residents · 33.3% rent · $1,545

Vermont Moderate state backup

Complaints: Vermont Human Rights Commission

Burlington44K residents · 58.5% rent · $1,649 South Burlington21K residents · 38.4% rent · $1,787 Rutland15K residents · 45.1% rent · $995 Essex Junction11K residents · 40.7% rent · $1,544 Winooski8,239 residents · 64.8% rent · $1,643

Virginia Moderate state backup

Complaints: Virginia Fair Housing Office (DPOR)

Virginia Beach454K residents · 34.9% rent · $1,714 Chesapeake255K residents · 25.6% rent · $1,586 Richmond237K residents · 56.5% rent · $1,372 Norfolk231K residents · 53.7% rent · $1,321 Newport News183K residents · 51.8% rent · $1,339

Washington Strong state backup

Complaints: Washington State Human Rights Commission

Seattle785K residents · 56.3% rent · $2,030 Spokane231K residents · 41.2% rent · $1,215 Tacoma230K residents · 44.2% rent · $1,676 Vancouver200K residents · 49.2% rent · $1,702 Bellevue154K residents · 48% rent · $2,572

West Virginia Moderate state backup

Complaints: West Virginia Human Rights Commission

Charleston46K residents · 36.7% rent · $908 Huntington45K residents · 46.7% rent · $912 Morgantown30K residents · 56.3% rent · $937 Parkersburg29K residents · 35% rent · $785 Wheeling26K residents · 40.2% rent · $794

Wisconsin Moderate state backup

Complaints: Wisconsin Dept. of Workforce Development, Equal Rights Division

Milwaukee562K residents · 58.2% rent · $1,059 Madison286K residents · 54% rent · $1,413 Green Bay107K residents · 42.1% rent · $932 Kenosha99K residents · 41.3% rent · $1,186 Racine78K residents · 39.8% rent · $1,033

Wyoming Limited state backup

Complaints: No state fair housing agency — complaints go to HUD Region VIII in Denver

Cheyenne67K residents · 32.9% rent · $1,118 Casper59K residents · 30.2% rent · $1,009 Gillette34K residents · 26.8% rent · $976 Laramie32K residents · 55.9% rent · $925 Rock Springs23K residents · 27.6% rent · $928

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